TY - JOUR T1 - Flutter instability in solids and structures, with a view on biomechanics and metamaterials JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society A Y1 - 2023 A1 - Davide Bigoni A1 - Francesco Dal Corso A1 - Oleg N. Kirillov A1 - Diego Misseroni A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Andrea Piccolroaz AB - The phenomenon of oscillatory instability called ‘flutter’ was observed in aeroelasticity and rotor dynamics about a century ago. Driven by a series of applications involving non-conservative elasticity theory at different physical scales, ranging from nanomechanics to the mechanics of large space structures and including biomechanical problems of motility and growth, research on flutter is experiencing a new renaissance. A review is presented of the most notable applications and recent advances in fundamentals, both theoretical and experimental aspects, of flutter instability and Hopf bifurcation. Open problems, research gaps and new perspectives for investigations are indicated. VL - 479 UR - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2023.0523 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nonreciprocal oscillations of polyelectrolyte gel filaments subject to a steady and uniform electric field JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2023 A1 - Giancarlo Cicconofri A1 - Valentina Damioli A1 - Giovanni Noselli AB - Soft actuators typically require time-varying or spatially modulated control to be operationally effective. The scope of the present paper is to show, theoretically and experimentally, that a natural way to overcome this limitation is to exploit mechanical instabilities. We report experiments on active filaments of polyelectrolyte (PE) gels subject to a steady and uniform electric field. A large enough intensity of the field initiates the motion of the active filaments, leading to periodic oscillations. We develop a mathematical model based on morphoelasticity theory for PE gel filaments beating in a viscous fluid, and carry out the stability analysis of the governing equations to show the emergence of flutter and divergence instabilities for suitable values of the system’s parameters. We confirm the results of the stability analysis with numerical simulations for the nonlinear equations of motion to show that such instabilities may lead to periodic self-sustained oscillations, in agreement with experiments. The key mechanism that underlies such behaviour is the capability of the filament to undergo active shape changes depending on its local orientation relative to the external electric field, in striking similarity with gravitropism, the mechanism that drives shape changes in plants via differential growth induced by gravity. Interestingly, the resulting oscillations are nonreciprocal in nature, and hence able to generate thrust and directed flow at low Reynolds number. The exploitation of mechanical instabilities in soft actuators represents a new avenue for the advancement in engineering design in fields such as micro-robotics and micro-fluidics. VL - 173 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509623000297 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Optimal design of planar shapes with active materials JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Y1 - 2022 A1 - Dario Andrini A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Alessandro Lucantonio AB -

Active materials have emerged as valuable candidates for shape morphing applications, where a body reconfiguration is achieved upon triggering its active response. Given a desired shape change, a natural question is to compare different morphing mechanisms to select the most effective one with respect to an optimality criterion. We introduce an optimal control problem to determine the active strains suitable to attain a target equilibrium shape while minimizing the complexity of the activation. Specifically, we discuss the planar morphing of active, hyperelastic bodies in the absence of external forces and exploit the notion of target metric to encompass a broad set of active materials in a unifying approach. For the case of affine shape changes, we derive explicit conditions on the body reference configuration for the optimality of homogeneous target metrics. More complex shape changes are analysed via numerical simulations to explore the impact on optimal solutions of different objective functionals inspired by features of existing materials. We show how stresses arising from incompatibilities contribute to reduce the complexity of the controls. We believe that our approach may be exploited for the optimal design of active systems and may contribute to gather insight into the morphing strategies of biological systems.

VL - 478 UR - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.2022.0256 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nutations in growing plant shoots as a morphoelastic flutter instability JF - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A Y1 - 2021 A1 - Daniele Agostinelli A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone AB -

Growing plant shoots exhibit spontaneous oscillations that Darwin observed, and termed "circumnutations". Recently, they have received renewed attention for the design and optimal actuation of bioinspired robotic devices. We discuss a possible interpretation of these spontaneous oscillations as a Hopf-type bifurcation in a growing morphoelastic rod. Using a three-dimensional model and numerical simulations, we analyse the salient features of this flutter-like phenomenon (e.g. the characteristic period of the oscillations) and their dependence on the model details (in particular, the impact of choosing different growth models) finding that, overall, these features are robust with respect to changes in the details of the growth model adopted.

VL - 379 UR - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0116 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nutations in plant shoots: Endogenous and exogenous factors in the presence of mechanical deformations JF - Frontiers in Plant Science Y1 - 2021 A1 - Daniele Agostinelli A1 - Antonio DeSimone A1 - Giovanni Noselli AB -

We present a three-dimensional morphoelastic rod model capable to describe the morphogenesis of growing plant shoots driven by differential growth. We discuss the evolution laws for endogenous oscillators, straightening mechanisms, and reorientations to directional cues, such as gravitropic reactions governed by the avalanche dynamics of statoliths. We use this model to investigate the role of elastic deflections due to gravity loading in circumnutating plant shoots. We show that, in the absence of endogenous cues, pendular and circular oscillations arise as a critical length is attained, thus suggesting the occurrence of an instability triggered by exogenous factors. When also oscillations due to endogenous cues are present, their weight relative to those associated with the instability varies in time as the shoot length and other biomechanical properties change. Thanks to the simultaneous occurrence of these two oscillatory mechanisms, we are able to reproduce a variety of complex behaviors, including trochoid-like patterns, which evolve into circular orbits as the shoot length increases, and the amplitude of the exogenous oscillations becomes dominant.

PB - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory VL - 12 UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2021.608005 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - MicroMotility: State of the art, recent accomplishments and perspectives on the mathematical modeling of bio-motility at microscopic scales JF - Mathematics in Engineering Y1 - 2020 A1 - Daniele Agostinelli A1 - Roberto Cerbino A1 - Del Alamo, Juan C A1 - Antonio DeSimone A1 - Stephanie Höhn A1 - Cristian Micheletti A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Eran Sharon A1 - Julia Yeomans KW - active matter KW - adhesive locomotion KW - cell motility KW - cell sheet folding KW - knotted DNA KW - topological defects KW - unicellular swimmers KW - unjamming transition AB -

Mathematical modeling and quantitative study of biological motility (in particular, of motility at microscopic scales) is producing new biophysical insight and is offering opportunities for new discoveries at the level of both fundamental science and technology. These range from the explanation of how complex behavior at the level of a single organism emerges from body architecture, to the understanding of collective phenomena in groups of organisms and tissues, and of how these forms of swarm intelligence can be controlled and harnessed in engineering applications, to the elucidation of processes of fundamental biological relevance at the cellular and sub-cellular level. In this paper, some of the most exciting new developments in the fields of locomotion of unicellular organisms, of soft adhesive locomotion across scales, of the study of pore translocation properties of knotted DNA, of the development of synthetic active solid sheets, of the mechanics of the unjamming transition in dense cell collectives, of the mechanics of cell sheet folding in volvocalean algae, and of the self-propulsion of topological defects in active matter are discussed. For each of these topics, we provide a brief state of the art, an example of recent achievements, and some directions for future research.

VL - 2 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2020011 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Theoretical Study on the Transient Morphing of Linear Poroelastic Plates JF - Journal of Applied Mechanics Y1 - 2020 A1 - Dario Andrini A1 - Alessandro Lucantonio A1 - Giovanni Noselli AB -

Based on their shape-shifting capabilities, soft active materials have enabled new possibilities for the engineering of sensing and actuation devices. While the relation between active strains and emergent equilibrium shapes has been fully characterized, the transient morphing of thin structures is a rather unexplored topic. Here, we focus on polymer gel plates and derive a reduced linear model to study their time-dependent response to changes in the fluid environment. We show that independent control of stretching and bending deformations in stress-free conditions allows to realize spherical shapes with prescribed geometry of the mid-plane. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tensile (compressive) membrane stresses delay (accelerate) swelling-induced shape transitions compared to the stress-free evolution. We believe that these effects should be considered for the accurate design of smart systems and may contribute to explain the complexity of natural shapes.

VL - 88 UR - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048806 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Nutations in growing plant shoots: The role of elastic deformations due to gravity loading JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2019 A1 - Daniele Agostinelli A1 - Alessandro Lucantonio A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone KW - Circumnutations KW - Flutter instability KW - Gravitropism KW - Hopf bifurcation AB -

The effect of elastic deformations induced by gravity loading on the active circumnutation movements of growing plant shoots is investigated. We consider first a discrete model (a gravitropic spring-pendulum system) and then a continuous rod model which is analyzed both analytically (under the assumption of small deformations) and numerically (in the large deformation regime). We find that, for a choice of material parameters consistent with values reported in the available literature on plant shoots, rods of sufficient length may exhibit lateral oscillations of increasing amplitude, which eventually converge to limit cycles. This behavior strongly suggests the occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation, just as for the gravitropic spring-pendulum system, for which this result is rigorously established. At least in this restricted set of material parameters, our analysis supports a view of Darwin’s circumnutations as a biological analogue to structural systems exhibiting flutter instabilities, i.e., spontaneous oscillations away from equilibrium configurations driven by non-conservative loads. Here, in the context of nutation movements of growing plant shoots, the energy needed to sustain oscillations is continuously supplied to the system by the internal biochemical machinery presiding the capability of plants to maintain a vertical pose.

UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.103702 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Swimming Euglena respond to confinement with a behavioural change enabling effective crawling JF - Nature Physics Y1 - 2019 A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Alfred Beran A1 - Marino Arroyo A1 - Antonio DeSimone AB - Some euglenids, a family of aquatic unicellular organisms, can develop highly concerted, large-amplitude peristaltic body deformations. This remarkable behaviour has been known for centuries. Yet, its function remains controversial, and is even viewed as a functionless ancestral vestige. Here, by examining swimming Euglena gracilis in environments of controlled crowding and geometry, we show that this behaviour is triggered by confinement. Under these conditions, it allows cells to switch from unviable flagellar swimming to a new and highly robust mode of fast crawling, which can deal with extreme geometric confinement and turn both frictional and hydraulic resistance into propulsive forces. To understand how a single cell can control such an adaptable and robust mode of locomotion, we developed a computational model of the motile apparatus of Euglena cells consisting of an active striated cell envelope. Our modelling shows that gait adaptability does not require specific mechanosensitive feedback but instead can be explained by the mechanical self-regulation of an elastic and extended motor system. Our study thus identifies a locomotory function and the operating principles of the adaptable peristaltic body deformation of Euglena cells. VL - 15 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0425-8 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Spontaneous morphing of equibiaxially pre-stretched elastic bilayers: The role of sample geometry JF - International Journal of Mechanical Sciences Y1 - 2018 A1 - Noe Caruso A1 - Aleksandar Cvetković A1 - Alessandro Lucantonio A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone KW - Bifurcation KW - Elastic bilayer KW - Pre-stretch KW - Shape programming AB -

An elastic bilayer, consisting of an equibiaxially pre-stretched sheet bonded to a stress-free one, spontaneously morphs into curved shapes in the absence of external loads or constraints. Using experiments and numerical simulations, we explore the role of geometry for square and rectangular samples in determining the equilibrium shape of the system, for a fixed pre-stretch. We classify the observed shapes over a wide range of aspect ratios according to their curvatures and compare measured and computed values, which show good agreement. In particular, as the bilayer becomes thinner, a bifurcation of the principal curvatures occurs, which separates two scaling regimes for the energy of the system. We characterize the transition between these two regimes and show the peculiar features that distinguish square from rectangular samples. The results for our model bilayer system may help explaining morphing in more complex systems made of active materials.

VL - 149 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740317311761 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Kinematics of flagellar swimming in Euglena gracilis: Helical trajectories and flagellar shapes JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2017 A1 - Massimiliano Rossi A1 - Giancarlo Cicconofri A1 - Alfred Beran A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone AB - Active flagella provide the propulsion mechanism for a large variety of swimming eukaryotic microorganisms, from protists to sperm cells. Planar and helical beating patterns of these structures are recurrent and widely studied. The fast spinning motion of the locomotory flagellum of the alga Euglena gracilis constitutes a remarkable exception to these patterns. We report a quantitative description of the 3D flagellar beating in swimming E. gracilis. Given their complexity, these shapes cannot be directly imaged with current microscopy techniques. We show how to overcome these limitations by developing a method to reconstruct in full the 3D kinematics of the cell from conventional 2D microscopy images, based on the exact characterization of the helical motion of the cell body.The flagellar swimming of euglenids, which are propelled by a single anterior flagellum, is characterized by a generalized helical motion. The 3D nature of this swimming motion, which lacks some of the symmetries enjoyed by more common model systems, and the complex flagellar beating shapes that power it make its quantitative description challenging. In this work, we provide a quantitative, 3D, highly resolved reconstruction of the swimming trajectories and flagellar shapes of specimens of Euglena gracilis. We achieved this task by using high-speed 2D image recordings taken with a conventional inverted microscope combined with a precise characterization of the helical motion of the cell body to lift the 2D data to 3D trajectories. The propulsion mechanism is discussed. Our results constitute a basis for future biophysical research on a relatively unexplored type of eukaryotic flagellar movement. VL - 114 UR - https://www.pnas.org/content/114/50/13085 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Liquid crystal elastomer strips as soft crawlers JF - Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Y1 - 2015 A1 - Antonio DeSimone A1 - Paolo Gidoni A1 - Giovanni Noselli KW - Crawling motility KW - Directional surfaces KW - Frictional interactions KW - Liquid crystal elastomers KW - Soft biomimetic robots AB -

In this paper, we speculate on a possible application of Liquid Crystal Elastomers to the field of soft robotics. In particular, we study a concept for limbless locomotion that is amenable to miniaturisation. For this purpose, we formulate and solve the evolution equations for a strip of nematic elastomer, subject to directional frictional interactions with a flat solid substrate, and cyclically actuated by a spatially uniform, time-periodic stimulus (e.g., temperature change). The presence of frictional forces that are sensitive to the direction of sliding transforms reciprocal, ‘breathing-like’ deformations into directed forward motion. We derive formulas quantifying this motion in the case of distributed friction, by solving a differential inclusion for the displacement field. The simpler case of concentrated frictional interactions at the two ends of the strip is also solved, in order to provide a benchmark to compare the continuously distributed case with a finite-dimensional benchmark. We also provide explicit formulas for the axial force along the crawler body.

VL - 84 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509615300430 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Crawling on directional surfaces JF - International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Y1 - 2014 A1 - Paolo Gidoni A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone KW - Bio-mimetic micro-robots KW - Cell migration KW - Crawling motility KW - Directional surfaces KW - Self-propulsion AB -

In this paper we study crawling locomotion based on directional frictional interactions, namely, frictional forces that are sensitive to the sign of the sliding velocity. Surface interactions of this type are common in biology, where they arise from the presence of inclined hairs or scales at the crawler/substrate interface, leading to low resistance when sliding ‘along the grain’, and high resistance when sliding ‘against the grain’. This asymmetry can be exploited for locomotion, in a way analogous to what is done in cross-country skiing (classic style, diagonal stride). We focus on a model system, namely, a continuous one-dimensional crawler and provide a detailed study of the motion resulting from several strategies of shape change. In particular, we provide explicit formulae for the displacements attainable with reciprocal extensions and contractions (breathing), or through the propagation of extension or contraction waves. We believe that our results will prove particularly helpful for the study of biological crawling motility and for the design of bio-mimetic crawling robots.

VL - 61 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020746214000213 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Discrete one-dimensional crawlers on viscous substrates: achievable net displacements and their energy cost Y1 - 2014 A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Amabile Tatone A1 - Antonio DeSimone KW - Cell migration AB - We study model one-dimensional crawlers, namely, model mechanical systems that can achieve self-propulsion by controlled shape changes of their body (extension or contraction of portions of the body), thanks to frictional interactions with a rigid substrate. We evaluate the achievable net displacement and the related energetic cost for self-propulsion by discrete crawlers (i.e., whose body is made of a discrete number of contractile or extensile segments) moving on substrates with either a Newtonian (linear) or a Bingham-type (stick-slip) rheology. Our analysis is aimed at constructing the basic building blocks towards an integrative, multi-scale description of crawling cell motility. PB - Elsevier UR - http://urania.sissa.it/xmlui/handle/1963/34449 U1 - 34591 U2 - Mathematics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A robotic crawler exploiting directional frictional interactions: experiments, numerics, and derivation of a reduced model JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society A 470, 20140333 (2014) Y1 - 2014 A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Antonio DeSimone AB - We present experimental and numerical results for a model crawler which is able to extract net positional changes from reciprocal shape changes, i.e. ‘breathing-like’ deformations, thanks to directional, frictional interactions with a textured solid substrate, mediated by flexible inclined feet. We also present a simple reduced model that captures the essential features of the kinematics and energetics of the gait, and compare its predictions with the results from experiments and from numerical simulations. PB - Royal Society Publishing U1 - 34594 U2 - Mathematics ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Crawlers in viscous environments: linear vs nonlinear rheology JF - International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 56, 142-147 (2013) Y1 - 2013 A1 - Antonio DeSimone A1 - Federica Guarnieri A1 - Giovanni Noselli A1 - Amabile Tatone AB - We study model self-propelled crawlers which derive their propulsive capabilities from the tangential resistance to motion offered by the environment. Two types of relationships between tangential forces and slip velocities are considered: a linear, Newtonian one and a nonlinear one of Bingham-type. Different behaviors result from the two different rheologies. These differences and their implications in terms of motility performance are discussed. Our aim is to develop new tools and insight for future studies of cell motility by crawling. PB - Elsevier U1 - 34590 U2 - Mathematics ER -